The Major Battles of the Civil War Essay - 1835 Words

The Major Battles of the Civil War No other war seems to hold our focus like the Civil War. Scholars have chosen to make it their lifes work, authors have written reams about it, and we all feel some kind of connection to the Civil War. This paper was created to highlight some of the major battles that took place during that conflict. Major battles usually marked a drastic change in the momentum from one side to the other or led to massive losses of troops. These battles and their results all played a huge part in the outcome of the war. One of the war’s first battles was the Battle of First Bull Run. Todays site of the Battle of First Bull Run is a tranquil pasture surrounded by trees and a split rail fence. Instead of the neigh†¦show more content†¦General Pierre Beauregard, commander of Confederate troops at the Battle of First Bull Run and second-in-command during the Battle of Shiloh, commented that the enemy was given ...the most surprising surprise but the delays allowed Union reinforcements to take their place on the battlefield beside their comrades and drive the rebels back after two days of fighting. No ground was gained, no strategic town was taken, no supply depot was sacked, but the Union victory did force the evacuation of Confederate troops from much of Tennessee and split the rebel forces along the lines formed by the Mississippi River. Albert Sidney Johnson was a Troop Commander in this battle. Johnston was born in Kentucky and obtained his education at West Point. He graduated in 1826. Johnstons first taste of active service came in 1832 during the Black Hawk Indian War. He resigned his commission afterwards only to return to active duty in 1836. He fought against the United States Indians on the River Neches and served in the Mexican War with Major General Zachary Taylor. Taylor made Johnston a paymaster during Taylors presidency. He continued his rise in the ranks by becoming a colonel in the 2nd Calvary, a brevet brigadier general commanding the Utah military district and in 1861 the commander of the Pacific Coast. Johnston was the highest-ranking individual on either side to die in battle. While directing operations during the battle, Johnston wasShow MoreRelatedEssay about The American Civil War: America’s Bloodiest War716 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican Civil War, known as the War Between the States’ by some, was America’s bloodiest war. The Civil War consisted of over 10,000 battles between The Union Army of the North and the South’s Confederate Army, which lasted almost 4 years. The War was fought in 23 states and of the more than 10,000 battles only about 50 were major battles. (Weider, The Civil War, 1) In this paper the reader will learn about important dates of the war also about 4 of the bloodiest battles in the war; the Battle of ShilohRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pages The American civil war, also known as â€Å"The War Between the States†, is considered to be one of the bloodiest wars in America, lasting fr om 1861-1865. The civil war was a war that was fought between the northern states, also know as the â€Å"Union states† and the southern states, also known as the confederacy states. The northern states were more industrialized and the southern states had more of a agrarian economy, this is what lead to the northern and southern states to have different social, culturalRead MoreThe Battle Of Bull Run1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Bull Run was one of the first major battles in the United States Civil War. The battle took place on July 21st, 1861 just twenty five miles southwest of Washington D.C., which was also the center of the Union Government. This battle also convinced the Lincoln administration and the North that the Civil War would last longer than they expected and would be consisting of bloodier fights costing many more lives. The US Civil War is known as the second most deadly war America has ever experiencedRead MoreA New Battle Of The Civil War1396 Words   |  6 PagesA New War To Fight The Civil War was one of the most trying moments in American history. Two opinions trying to outweigh each other caused citizens to choose to be united under two different flags instead of one. Both sides, the Union and the Confederacy, have their own interpretation of how the war happened. For example, a citizen (although their identity is unknown) noted that â€Å"The civil war was a whole new type of warfare. Unfortunately, the only way one could learn how to fight in this new typeRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And Civil War1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Gettysburg occurred July 1-3, 1863 in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and was one of the most significant battles of the American Civil War. Union forces of the North, commanded by Major General George G. Meade met and fought the Confederate forces of the South, commanded by General Robert E. Lee. Many historians believe the battle was a large turning point in the Civil War in favor of the Union (Woodworth, 200 8). However, this is disputable. The battle was also significantRead MoreThe Battle of Antietam Creek600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Battle of Antietam Creek The Battle of Antietam Creek was a very bloody and important battle in the Civil war. The battle was fought by two different armies within the Union and the Confederacy, The Army of the Potomac (Union) and The Army of Northern Virginia (Confederate). Antietam Creek is located just to the east of the Potomac River in Maryland. The battle was fought on a hill just above the west bank of Antietam Creek. The Army of the Potomac, who was on the offensive, was pushing towardsRead MoreThe Battle of Fort Sumter Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pageswill inaugurate a civil war greater than any the world has yet seen†¦you will lose us every friend at the North. You will wantonly strike a hornet’s nest which extends from mountains to ocean. Legions now quiet will swarm out and string us to death. It is unnecessary. It put us in the wrong. It is fatal. –Robert Toombs. (Boerner paragraph 2). The Civil War impacted the course of history forever. But it had to start somewhere and the Battle of Fort Sumter marked the start. The Battle of Fort Sumter hadRead MoreThe Civil War : The Greatest And Most Catastrophic War Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War is an essential event in America s history. The Civil War determined what kind of nation the United States would be. Would it be a breakable confederation of absolute states or an indivisible nation with an absolute national government ? Northern victory of the war protected the United States as one nation and ended the foundation of slavery which had separated the country initially. However, those results came at the value of many lives.Nearly 625,000 American soldiers lives wereRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War Essay944 Words   |  4 Pages The War of Succession, universally known as the Civil War, was a war unlike any other. According to the Civil War Trust, â€Å" it was the most immensely colossal and most destructive conflict in the Western world between the cessation of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the onset of World War I in 1914.† It commenced when the Confederate army assailed Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. The Civil War was a rigorously catastrophic event for both the North and the South. About 360,000 of the Union’s men wereRead MoreThe Life of Geroge Armstrong Custer884 Words   |  4 Pagesto brigadier general and major general in the regular army on March 13, 1865 and major general of volunteers April 15, 1865 during the American Civil War. Later in 1870’s, Custer moved to the west to fight in the Indian Wars. On June 25, 1876, a battle at Little Bighorn against Lakota and Cheyenne warriors was fought where he led 210 men. Custer and all of his men were killed in the battle. The ba ttle, also known as â€Å"Custer’s Last Stand,† was part of the Black Hills War against a confederation of

Film Critique (the Blind Side) - 1392 Words

Week Five Individual Film Critique Neil A. Burgheimer HUM/150 Week Five Individual Film Critique This week for the final film critique I chose to review The Blind Side (2009). In this film Sandra Bullock plays Leigh Anne Tuohy, a successful interior designer. Her husband Sean Tuohy played by Tim McGraw is the owner of over 85 fast food franchises including Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, and Long John Silver’s. In the film Leigh Anne takes a boy named Michael â€Å"Big Mike† Oher into her home and provides him with the opportunity of a lifetime. Actor Quinton Aaron takes on the role of Michael Oher, a homeless and traumatized boy who became an All American football player and first round NFL draft pick with the help of Leigh†¦show more content†¦There are also quite a few scenes in the film in which the cameras depth of field and focus are used in different ways to either focus only on one particular subject in the shot or focus on all subjects both near and far using a deep focus. As far as the context of the film is concerned I believe it would be possible to take certain scenes and piece them together in such a way as to illustrate a theme, but I believe watching the entire film really brings everything together. I have no personal influences or biases that affected my opinion of the film. I believe that this film is a very heartfelt and enjoyable story and there are no overtones that should cause the viewer to be influenced otherwise. Overall I love the story and I think that the Tuohy family set an amazing example for others to follow. This film has many genres to include biography, drama, and sports genres. The most prevalent genre for this film is the biography genre. The Blind Side (2009) tells the story of Michael Oher, the first round NFL draft pick of the Baltimore Ravens. Through the film the life and times of Michael are chronicled from his early childhood upbringing in the aptly named Hurt Village, to the life he now lives as a professional football player in the NFL. The film also incorporates many theatrical elements of a drama and due to the nature of the film it may also fall into the sports genre. This film was very enjoyable to watch and there are many reasons that I would watchShow MoreRelatedThe Blind Side Movie Analysis947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Blind Side, directed by John Lee Hancock, is a true story about Michael Oher (Quinton Aaron), a African American homeless boy who is taken in by an upper-class white family and faces the challenges of stereotypes in their society. Oher’s story has reached millions through the book The Blind Side: Evolution of the Game, written by Lewis Michael, and its movie adaption The Blind Side. Throughout the movie, you watch Oher face multiple social standards and overcome them. Oher struggles with notRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Unforgiven966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe film The Little Train Robbery was released. It was a parody of The Great Train Robbery, and it had the same plot except an all child cast. It was the first movie to critique or make fun of another movie. The director had a point to get across to the audience and he did that through the use of children actors. Almost ninety years later the biggest western actor at the time did the same thing, except without the humor. He directed the film Unforgiven, and through it he was able to critique certainRead MoreMy Movie Critique of the Blind Side2106 Words   |  9 PagesMy Movie Critique of The Blind Side Shannon Cowper English 225: Introduction to Film Michael Warren February 2, 2014 Some people may feel that if a movie wins an academy award that it is a great movie because the film critics have experience, the film critics are paid professionals, and also that the film critics decide which movies are nominated for an academy award so the movie must be good. But this is where many people beg to differ regarding the film critic’s reviews on a particularRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Dear White People By Justin Simien919 Words   |  4 PagesRacism Still Exist The feature film â€Å"Dear White People† Directed by Justin Simien is a smart and a fearless debut as I have seen from an American filmmaker in quite some time: open to encourage and confident in its own originality. And he deserves the won the U.S. Dramatic Special Jury Award for Breakthrough Talent at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay. We have heard it a lot that We have a black President so racism must be over? We have seenRead MoreThe Between The Underworld And The Orderly World1424 Words   |  6 PagesTheis blurring of the lines between the underworld and the orderly world is also highlighted in the editing. At one point in the film there are two meetings going on at the same time, one between members of organized crime and one between the police. The actions that occur in each meeting are meant to parallel each other, and Lang triesis trying to confuse the audience on who the police are and who the criminals are. A series of match and cross cuts are used to create this effect. Not only do theRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed The Development Of Today s Society1300 Words   |  6 Pagescontaining cameras has led to a shift in culture and a new found passion for amateur filmmaking among society. Several cultural factors, globally and locally, have contributed to the success of mobile devices and amateur film. Technology is not just shaping culture; modern film and internet culture is shaping the development of today’s society. Globally, the self-concept of many cell phone and social media users is being manipulated. Cell phone use for photography and videography has led to an increaseRead MoreJane Austen s Emma And Clueless Comparison1655 Words   |  7 Pagestitular character, one can look at Emma as a satirical work regarding the restrictions and conventions of 19th century society. This satirical element later went on to inspire Heckerling’s interpretation as she adapted the story of Emma into the cult film, Clueless, which goes on to highlight the phenomena of cliques amongst the youth of America. Both works use the element of exaggeration in order to explore the gender stereotypes and expectations placed upon society during their respective eras. HeckerlingRead MoreEssay about The Origins of Life: Evolution vs Intelligent Design1634 Words   |  7 Pagesis absolute.† The United States has been a country, in which the separation of church and state has been adopted and assumed to be prac ticed, but there has been a perennial conflict disrupting the balance between church and state. In his innovative film, The Revisionaries, director Scott Thurman exposes how the public education system has become the latest battleground in the face of an old conflict – between religion and science – challenging the ideological edifice on which the nation stands. TheRead MoreThe Movie The Bride Of Frankenstein And Mad Love Directed By Karl Freund2024 Words   |  9 PagesThe point of a film is to share a message through entertainment; it can be thought that films made in the same era can share a common goal. This is not always the case, like in the films The Bride of Frankenstein directed by James Whale and Mad Love directed by Karl Freund. These two films both talk about romantic love but they do so in different ways. Romantic love occurs when two people share intimacy and a strong connection. Love has been something in the past that has driven people and has forced Read MoreEssay about The Power of Horace McCoy’s They Shoot Horses, Don’t They?2674 Words   |  11 Pagessupported essay. Nearly half a century has passed since most films and texts in the Noir tradition were created, yet one may wonder how much is really known about these popular American products. Scholars remain fascinated by many aspects of Film Noir, yet it appears that its fictional precursors (such as the texts of Cain, McCoy and Hammett) may have been too quickly ignored within the canon. Many have enthusiastically studied, for example, Film Noir’s ground-breaking effects on lighting and acting techniques

Online Shopping Vs. Market Shopping Essay Example For Students

Online Shopping Vs. Market Shopping Essay Cathy HuangMr. Allen and Mr. BuysJunior Humanities Periods 3+402/24/2016Online shopping vs in-store shoppingThesis: Online shopping is better than in-store one and will have more customers in the future. Since the internet came out and developed, online shopping has become important parts of many people. With the rapid development of the Internet in the world, more and more people began to start online shopping due to its convenience, time-saving and benefits. For the definition, Online shopping is an act of purchasing items or services on the Internet and has grown in popularity over years. Narrowly speaking, it can be understood as searching online information and having online deals. But broadly speaking, if one section of shopping is finished online, it will be regarded as online shopping. What you need to learn is just to click your mouse and to wait instead of going out by foot or driving. According to a recent survey, people in favor of online shopping are far more than those in favor of in-store shopping. Abramovich shows his survey for behavior of shopping that: â€Å"Seventy-two percent of Millennials research and shop their options online before going to a store or the mall. †(Abramovich) The fact that people choose online shopping more than in-store one also shows in the Percentage of GDP 2016. â€Å"Experts estimate the share of the internet economy in the GDP of the United States to reach 5.4 percent. The developed market average is projected to be 5.5 percent.† (â€Å"Share of the internet economy in the gross domestic product in G-20 countries in 2016†) For example, China has grown its economy in a high speed in recent years. Among the main reasons, the development of electronic business plays an important role in it.. .014. Web. 26 Jan. 2016.Butler, Sarah. Grocers Rush to Open dark Stores as Online Food Shopping Expands. The Guardian. 06 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.Fowler, Geoffrey. Do Online Grocers Beat Supermarkets? WSJ. 7 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.Grey, Paul. (2013) How Many Products Does Amazon Sell? | ExportX. ExportX. 15 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2016. Johnson, Sheree. New Research Sheds Light on Daily Ad Exposures. SJ Insights LLC. 29 Sept. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.Share of the internet economy in the gross domestic product in G-20 countries in 2016. Statista. Web. 26 Jan. 2016.Shao, Heng. $9.3 Billion Sales Recorded In Alibaba s 24-Hour Online Sale, Beating Target By 15%. Forbes .com LLC, 11 Nov. 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2016.The Economist Newspaper. The Alibaba Phenomenon. The Economist, 23 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 Jan. 2016.

ACT Practice Tests How to Reflect and Get the Most Out of Them

ACT Practice Tests How to Reflect and Get the Most Out of Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips ACT practice tests can be a great tool in preparing yourself for the real exam. In order for these tests to be worth your time, however, you’ll need to learn to evaluate your mistakes effectively. In this article, I’ll show you the most productive ways to reflect on ACT practice tests so that you can use them to your best advantage. Time-Based Reflection Strategies for Practice Tests It’s crucial that you reflect on your mistakes on practice tests in order to learn from them and improve your scores.First off, regardless of your time constraints, you should always take ACT practice tests under realistic testing conditions.This means appropriate timing, access to materials, and environment (an inconveniently small desk is optional).Print out the practice test; don’t take it on your computer! The only way to be sure that your assessment of your mistakes is accurate is to replicate test day conditions as closely as possible. You may have more or less time to reflect on the results of practice tests, so I’ll give some advice based on how many hours you think you can devote to studying before the ACT. If You Have FewerThan 40 Hours: Students who have less time to study often benefit more from taking practice tests.First, take an initial practice test to get a baseline reading on your score level.After you score the test, you should review your mistakes to see where you have the most problems.If you really messed up on one section or on certain types of questions, you should think about how you can change your strategy to fix your mistakes. If you find yourself running out of time, you might decide to read passages differently (skim instead of reading closely) or make more of an effort to skip difficult questions that are slowing you down.If you see many careless mistakes, you may need to do the opposite and stop yourself from rushing too much and glossing over important aspects of questions.If you have small problems with content that are relatively easy to resolve, you can focus on learning those concepts. Since you don’t have a ton of time, don’t worry about large content gaps that might take a ton of practice to fix. Focus on the mistakes that you can resolve most efficiently.Try not to spend more than four hours on fixing your mistakes.After this, take an additional practice test to see where you stand, and do another basic evaluation of your mistakes. Then you should have time to take at least one more final practice test before the real ACT! Two otters, carefully evaluating their situation. On your practice tests, you OTTER do the same (wow I'm really sorry about this). If You Have 40 to 100 Hours: Just like in the previous plan, you should take an initial practice test, score the test, and mark off all of your wrong answers.With this amount of time, however, you can afford to be a little more specific.For each incorrect answer, you should figure out exactly why you got it wrong so you can make judgments about where you have the most problems on the test.Most mistakes will fall into one of four main categories: Careless Error A careless error is a mistake that makes you facepalm.It’s when you get a question wrong, but you should have easily known the correct answer.Most of the time, this happens because you were rushing too much and didn’t read the question carefully. Content Issue A content issue is when you are missing the basic knowledge that you need in order to answer a question.Most of the time, this happens in the math section if you don’t remember how to solve certain types of problems. When you’re labeling content issue questions, it’s helpful to be specific about what you’re missing.You might say something like â€Å"didn’t know how to calculate angle measurement† or â€Å"forgot formula.† Question Comprehension Issue This is a weird mistake category. It means that the wording of the question was confusing, and you couldn’t figure out what it was actually asking.Usually, these problems can be solved through greater familiarity with the test and reading more closely. This type of mistake is less common on the ACT than on the SAT because questions are asked in a more straightforward manner. Time Issues Mistakes due to time issues usually happen on questions at the end of a section.If you can’t make it to the last few questions and end up leaving them blank or answering randomly, you have problems with time.These types of mistakes can be fixed by modifying your test-taking strategy and getting used to moving more quickly through the sections. Time stops for no one. This image is pure existential dread. Once you’ve categorized all of your mistakes, you can list them in descending order from most common to least common so that you have a good sense of which areas need the most attention. Work towards fixing your mistakes beginning with the ones that you think will be easiest to eliminate. This is a good time to fill in gaps in your content knowledge that were causing you to miss questions.If you struggle with time pressure, you might reevaluate your testing strategy by reading passages a different way or making a point of skipping difficult questions on the first pass through a section. After you’ve spent about five to ten hours fixing your mistakes, you should take another practice test and see how you do.Go through the same process that you did with the first test with your mistakes, and do another round of evaluation and fixing problems.You can then take another practice test to see where you stand, and keep repeating this process until you’re at the level you want or you run out of study time. If you don’t seem to be improving from test to test, you should rethink your test-taking strategies and whether you’re really understanding your mistakes.You may need to get help from a tutor or prep program to get to the bottom of what you’re missing. Practice Testing Strategies for High and Low Scorers Now I’ll give more specific advice on the best ways to approach practice tests for high and low scorers.You’re a high scorer if you’re scoring a 27 or higher consistently, and you’re a low scorer if you’re scoring a 20 or lower consistently. If you're in between those two scores, you can read the advice for both categories and decide which strategies might be most helpful to you based on the types of mistakes you struggle with the most. For example, if careless mistakes make up a big chunk of your incorrect answers, the high scorer advice might be more helpful to you. If time is more of an issue, the low scorer advice may be more relevant to your situation. For High Scorers: Most of the time, high scorers have more problems with careless mistakes on easy questions than anything else.With that in mind, it’s important for you to always double check your work at the end of each section if you have time left.This will prevent you from losing points as a result ofmisreading questions or solving for the wrong value.On math questions, sometimes it’s helpful to underline or circle the value that you need to find so that you don’t lose track of your goal in the midst of the calculations. When you come across a difficult question, make sure that you fully understand what it’s asking. Don’t rush through it!Rushing too much can lead you to perform worse overall than you would have if you slowed down a bit and answered more deliberately (even if you don't get to every questiondue to time pressure).This is why it’s sometimes a good idea to answer all the easy questions first and then go back for the more difficult ones.You’ll feel less time pressure on hard questions and able to think clearly. For Low Scorers: If you’re a low scorer, skipping difficult questions is one of the most important test-taking strategies for you.Many low scorers suffer from issues with time pressure because they get stuck on questions that give them trouble. You can avoid this by taking one pass through each section initially where you focus solely on easy questions and ignore any that confuse you. On the Reading and Science sections, you will need to look at the questions in groups because they correspond to different passages. For each set of questions, skim the passage first and then answer the relevant questions that come easily to you. If you find yourself spending more than 30 seconds on one question, move on. After you do this, you can allow yourself to spend more time on difficult questions since you’ve already locked down the questions that are a sure bet.With this strategy, you won’t be missing questions at the end of sections that should have been easy for you.You also won’t waste too many valuable minutes of your time on questions that you can’t figure out. Whether you’re a high or low scorer, it’s often helpful to treat the test like a game or a race where you’re trying to score as many points as possible as quickly as you can.This will make the whole experience feel less boring and pointless (pun intended). You might find that when you introduce this element of competition, you’re more energized and can answer questions more efficiently. The ACT is just like this except it has words and there's no physical activity involved! Conclusion It's important that you take the time to go over your mistakes on ACT practice tests so that you can figure out which types of errors are causing you to lose the most points. If you're aware of your mistakes, you will have the power to prevent yourself from repeating them in the future. Depending on how much time you have, you might be more or less meticulous in this process. Even if you only have a little bit of time before the test, you can still take one or two practice tests and fix your more superficial mistakes. Even small changes to your strategy can make a big difference in your scores! High and low scorers tend to make different types of mistakes on the ACT, so there are certain test-taking strategies that are more applicable to students who fit into each of these categories. Most people will struggle at least a little with time. Make sure you're not rushing or spending too much time on difficult questions before you get through the whole section. Learning how to reflect on your practice tests effectively is a crucial aspect of studying for the ACT. Taking an honest and thorough survey of your mistakes is the best way to reach your score goals on the real test. What's Next? Not sure how to formulate an effective study plan? Learn more abouthow long you should study for the ACT in order to reach your score goal. Is online studying more your style? Here are the best ACT prep websites you should be using.Don't forget to supplement with printed practice tests! If you're interested in using books to help direct your studying, read our 2015 guide to the best ACT prep books. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Samantha Lindsay About the Author Samantha is a blog content writer for PrepScholar. Her goal is to help students adopt a less stressful view of standardized testing and other academic challenges through her articles. Samantha is also passionate about art and graduated with honors from Dartmouth College as a Studio Art major in 2014. In high school, she earned a 2400 on the SAT, 5's on all seven of her AP tests, and was named a National Merit Scholar. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Early Jail Conditions †Criminal Justice Essay

Early Jail Conditions – Criminal Justice Essay Free Online Research Papers Until the 19th century, children were punished and confined in the same ways as adults. Early jails housed adult men and women, juveniles, sane and insane all together. In the early 1800’s reformers became concerned about the overcrowded conditions in the jails and the corruption youth experienced when confined with adult felons. The first House of Refuge opened in New York on January 1, 1825, as a facility exclusively for children. (Roffe) By the 1840’s, 53 more were built around the country. Houses of Refuge were not limited to children who had committed crimes. They were also homes for poor children, orphans, or any child thought to be incorrigible or wayward. The average number of children in any given house was 200, but some, like the New York House of Refuge, housed over 1,000 youths at any given time. In response to overcrowding, deplorable conditions, and reports of brutality in the Houses of Refuge, training schools were developed in the mid-nineteenth century. Massachusetts opened the first state-operated training school for boys in 1847 and for girls in 1856. (Roffe) Training Schools placed a larger emphasis on schooling and vocational training. Many of the new facilities were built outside cities. According to contemporary thinking, the city was the source of temptation and a rural setting would offer a more virtuous and simpler way of life. Training schools are still the models of juvenile incarceration today. While the 20th century brought some changes, like the evolution of individualized diagnosis and treatment, new kinds of rehabilitative therapy, and improved educational programming, the congregate model of concentrating large number of juvenile offenders in one institution has remained. Until the late 19th century, children were tried in criminal courts along with adults. Movement for juvenile justice reform was informed by the 16th century educational reform movement in England that perceived children to be different than miniature adults, with less than fully developed moral and cognitive capacities. As early as 1825, the Society for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency and other reform organizations were advocating for a separate court system for youth. (Frontline) In 1899, the first juvenile court was finally established in Cook County, Illinois, and by 1925, all but two states had followed suit. (Frontline, Roffe) Again, borrowing from the British thinking, the doctrine Parens Patriae (the State as Parent) was the underpinning of the newly established right for the state to intervene and to provide protection for children whose parents did not provide adequate care or supervision, such as in the case of juvenile delinquency. The primary motive of the juvenile court was to provide rehabilitation and benevolent supervision for the child. There were significant differences in the juvenile and criminal court systems. The focus of the juvenile court was on the offender, not on the offense or rehabilitation. All crimes by individuals under the age of eighteen were adjudicated in a juvenile court, with rare exceptions (decided upon a case by case basis) when a waiver could transfer a youth to adult court. The juvenile court, with its rehabilitative mission, could be much more flexible and informal than the criminal court. Due process protections, an attorney for the state and the youth were deemed unnecessary. A range of dispositional options that were related to the child’s situation, and not only to the crime, was available to a judge. One of the big problems in juvenile justice is how long it takes to get an arrested juvenile tried and adjudicated as a delinquent. Only after they have been adjudicated, can they technically be placed in â€Å"rehabilitation† programs. Obviously this kind of delay exacerbates the problem of delivering psychological services in a timely fashion. Juveniles who are still in detention status can only receive substance abuse treatment, sex education, remedial education, and crisis intervention services. (Roberts) Some of the programs that are currently being used are Probation, Scared Straight Programs, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization. Probation is the most frequently employed sentencing option. Each year approximately 70% of the juveniles adjudicated delinquent by the juvenile justice system courts are sentenced to probation. (Connor) Scared-Straight Programs are when juveniles are taken to state prisons for intensive confrontation sessions with adult inmates serving long term or life sentences. Using there own experiences as examples. Inmates told juveniles of the harsh realities of imprisonment. The purpose was to scare the juvenile straight. Community-based treatment programs for probationers stand midway between the loose supervision of routine probation and the secure custody characteristic of most correctional facilities for juvenile offenders. Community based programs typically provide more extensive assistance and stricter enforcement of the conditions of probation. In stitutionalizing juveniles to public or private correctional facilities has been used to rehabilitate the young offender. Correctional facilities routinely offer academic and vocational instruction in hope that better-educated and vocationally skilled inmates will be less dependent upon release. Most institutions also supplement these routine efforts with special programs, such as alcohol and other drug counseling. There are also short-term facilities (detention centers), as well as shelters, reception and diagnostic centers. Long-term facilities include training schools, ranches, forestry camps, boot camps, farms, halfway houses, and group homes. (Connor) In addition, there are numerous private institutions and a number of psychiatric hospitals and treatment centers. The correctional landscape of juvenile justice is quite different from the correctional system in the adult world. There are approximately 7 different models of treatment for juvenile offenders. Not all of them are as successful as can be expected, but treatment programs for juveniles tend to take on a life of their own. The models only represent programs which have found some acceptance, usage, or recognition in forensic psychology. Group home models group homes are the most common type of semi-secure or insecure facility, and their existence is justified on the principle that the least restrictive alternative should be used, unless facts warrant otherwise. Multi-systemic models multi-systemic is a loosely used term for approaches based on the family systems theory, which in short, implies that the best approach is one which ignores the offender, and joins him or her in blaming their family, their peer group, their school, and their neighborhood. Substance abuse models these are generally relapse prevention programs that are delivered on an inpatient (avg. stay 6 months) or outpatient (twice weekly) basis where community meetings are held and clients set goals for themselves. Boot camp models these are faddish government programs, most popular from 1987-1997 which attempt to instill military-style discipline, respect for authority, and boost self-esteem. There have been highly publicized abuses and most research indicates a negative impact on recidivism and self-efficacy. Wilderness and adventure models these are (usually private) programs which take status offenders and non-delinquents, cherry-picked delinquents and a few delinquents given a last chance before going to a more secure facility. Besides the outdoor challenges programs typically represent a de-emphasis on traditional classroom models of learning. Violence unlearning models The most common approach here is Aggression Replacement Therapy which attempts to replace whatever status rewards the offender has received for being bad with rewards for pro-social behavior, like learning how to ask permission, havi ng a conversation, giving a compliment, etc. Sex offender treatment models although a few prisons may use pharmacological approaches to suppress libido (never under age 16 though), the most common programs involve peer groups which either focus on relapse prevention, social assertiveness skills, or the confrontation of thinking errors. (Siegel, Welsh Senna) It should be noted that diverse mixtures of components of various models can be found, and sometimes such mixtures or admixtures are called multimodal programs, especially when the components being mixed involve individual treatment, peer group treatment, and an attempt at applying some sort of family systems theory. Since the most common family systems theory is called multi-systemic, it is not uncommon to see juvenile correctional psychologists champion the cause of multi-modal and multi-systemic approaches to treatment which may very well qualify as the fanciest buzzwords in all of criminal justice. (Siegel, et. al) During the 1940’s and 1950’s reformers worked hard to improve the conditions found in most juvenile institutions. Probation camps emerged providing a structured setting for juveniles as an alternative to incarceration. Extensive use of probation was also another alternative to incarceration. The vast majority were coming to question the ability of the juvenile courts system in succeeding, or even making visible or tangible progress in the rehabilitation process. (Roffe) In the 1950’s and 60’s public concern grew about the effectiveness of the juvenile justice system, not because of the rehabilitative philosophy, but because of its perceived lack of effectiveness and the number of juveniles who were detained indefinitely. In 1967, it was recommended that alternatives to the incarceration of juveniles be developed. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act passed in 1974, provided funding to communities from federal grants that encouraged these alternatives to incarceration, creating more foster care, group homes and formal diversion programs. (Roffe) In the 1960’s, the Supreme Court made a series of decisions that formalized the juvenile courts and made them more like criminal courts. Formal hearings were required in situations where juveniles were waived to adult courts, juvenile facing confinement were required to be given the right to receive notice of charges held against them, and the right to have an attorney represent them. â€Å"Proof beyond a reasonable doubt† had to be established, instead of just â€Å"a preponderance of evidence† for adjudication. (Roffe) During the 1970’s, supervision and electronic monitoring were also introduced. By the 1980’s the public perceived serious juvenile crime increasing and the system was failing due to its lenient attitude in the juvenile courts. Laws were passed making the 1980’s a transitional period that led the juvenile justice system away from its original philosophy of rehabilitation, focusing now on punishment and the safety of the public. Juvenile crime had increased, faith in treatment was on a downward spiral, the courts were becoming more and more inept to realistically address and remedy social ills and political ideology rushing towards conservative trends caused a distinct change in the policies surrounding juvenile criminals. (Roffe) By the 1990’s legislation enacted by many states held juvenile offenders that were violent, serious, or repeat offenders, accountable for their actions. Five areas of change concentrated on by state legislature included: sentencing, transfer provisions, confidentiality, victim’s rights, and correctional programming. As a result of the many changes made by legislation, more secure facilities were built and more adequate solutions for rehabilitation were developed. (Roffe) Kent vs. United States, 383 U.S. 541 1966 This case involved sixteen-year-old Morris Kent who, in September 1961, raped a woman and stole her wallet. The juvenile court judge waived Kent to the jurisdiction of an adult court, but without a hearing, without having talked with Kents lawyer, and without having released a copy of the information contained in Kents social service file, upon which the waiver decision was partly based. Kent was convicted and sentenced in adult court to a term of thirty to ninety years in prison. On appeal, the case came before the Supreme Court in 1966. The Court reversed the conviction, holding that the District of Columbia Juvenile Court Acts waiver provisions were invalid. The ruling specified that prior to being waived to an adult court a juvenile had a right to (1) a hearing on the move, (2) access to social service reports, and (3) a statement of reasons for the waiver. In the decision the Court stated that a juvenile gets the worst of both worlds: neither the protection of the Constitution adults take for granted, nor the care and treatment promised by the juvenile court. (Frontline) In Re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) The juvenile court system was revolutionized in 1967, with this Supreme Courts landmark case. In the Gault case, the Supreme Court found that the juvenile court, in spite of its best intentions, had not been adequately meeting the needs of children. The Court ruled that, under the Constitution, children in delinquency cases are entitled to due process rights. These include the right to a court-appointed lawyer, the right to be notified of the charges against them, the right to examine and cross-examine witnesses, and the privileges against self-incrimination. The Gault decision was a clear departure from the former view of the juvenile court as a benevolent system where judges had unlimited discretion to tend to childrens needs. Since Gault was decided, all juvenile court actions (not only delinquency cases) have become more procedurally technical. The rights of children and parents have continued to be expanded and redefined, both by judges decisions and by new laws. (Siegel, et. a l) In Re Winship397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068 (1970) Samuel Winship, age 12, was charged with stealing $112 from a womans purse in a store. A store employee claimed to have seen Winship running from the scene just before the woman noticed the money was missing; others in the store stated that the employee was not in a position to see the money being taken. Winship was adjudicated delinquent and committed to a training school. New York juvenile courts operated under the civil court standard of a preponderance of evidence. The court agreed with Winships attorney that there was reasonable doubt of Winships guilt, but based its ruling on the preponderance of evidence. Upon appeal to the Supreme Court, the central issue in the case was whether proof beyond a reasonable doubt should be considered among the essentials of due process and fair treatment required during the adjudicatory stage of the juvenile court process. The Court rejected lower court arguments that juvenile courts were not required to operate on the same standards as adult co urts because juvenile courts were designed to save rather than to punish children. The Court ruled that the reasonable doubt standard should be required in all delinquency adjudications. (Frontline) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania 403 U.S. 528, 91 S.Ct. 1976 (1971) Joseph McKeiver, age 16, was charged with robbery, larceny, and receiving stolen goods. He and 20 to 30 other youth allegedly chased 3 youth and took 25 cents from them. McKeiver met with his attorney for only a few minutes before his adjudicatory hearing. At the hearing, his attorneys request for a jury trial was denied by the court. He was subsequently adjudicated and placed on probation. The State Supreme Court cited recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court that had attempted to include more due process in juvenile court proceedings without eroding the essential benefits of the juvenile court. The State Supreme Court affirmed the lower court, arguing that of all due process rights, trial by jury is most likely to destroy the traditional character of juvenile proceedings. The U.S. Supreme Court found that the due process clause of the 14th amendment did not require jury trials in juvenile court. The impact of the Courts Gault and Winship decisions was to enhance the accuracy of t he juvenile court process in the fact-finding stage. In McKeiver, the Court argued that juries are not known to be more accurate than judges in the adjudication stage and could be disruptive to the informal atmosphere of the juvenile court, tending to make it more adversarial. (Siegel, et. al) On March 1, 2005, marking a landmark decision for human rights, the United States Supreme Court abolished the death penalty for juvenile offenders. Relying on the opinions of international and domestic human rights groups including an amicus brief by Human Rights Watch the Court found that the death penalty was unconstitutionally cruel for people who were under the age of eighteen at the time of their crimes. Prior to the decision, the United States was one of only six countries in the world that allowed the juvenile death penalty. By a vote of 5-4, the U.S. Supreme Court on March 1, 2005 held that the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid the execution of offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed. (Richey) Justice Kennedy, writing for the majority stated: â€Å"When a juvenile offender commits a heinous crime, the State can exact forfeiture of some of the most basic liberties, but the State cannot extinguish his life and his potential to attain a mature understanding of his own humanity.† The Court reaffirmed the necessity of referring to â€Å"the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society† to determine which punishments are so disproportionate as to be cruel and unusual. The Court reasoned that the rejection of the juvenile death penalty in the majority of states, the infrequent use of the punishment even where it remains on the books and the consistent trend toward abolition of the juvenile death penalty demonstrated a national consensus against the practice. The Court determined that today our society views juveniles as categorically less culpable than the average criminal. (Richey) In recent years a great deal of interest has been placed on delinquent behavior and the causes that contribute to it. Media blames music, movies, games, and videos. T.V., Radio, Movies and Video games all reveal forms of violence, sex, drugs and crime. The more there is, the more it sells. A large majority of our youth form opinions and are influenced by the media. The Media encourages different ways and means to trigger violence among youth. Media is such a broad topic that I chose to narrow down to what I felt were the most influence on today’s youth; television and video games. Things that wouldn’t be your number one guess on where your child is learning things, but are two of the highest concerns society has for its children. We can see violence in almost all the media in today’s society, but does it really affect the way kids think? Video games look more real life and violent than ever. Over the holiday season this year, children age seven and up will be asking for the hottest video games of the year. The top five video games include violence, sex, nudity and the use of foul language. The top five most requested video games of 2007 are- Halo 3, Bio-Shock, Call of Duty 4, Assassin’s Creed, and Resident Evil. (Kwan) The Grand Theft Auto series is ranked the worst games of them all. These games are the most gory, graphic, and mature to ever come out. In the Grand Theft Auto game, the character steals cars, kills cops, picks up prostitutes and has sex with them, beats up pedestrians on the street and commits robbery. The rating is A for adult meaning that the game is not meant for anyone under the age of 18. If you go back ten years ago you will see a difference in the games that were played by children. The top five games wanted ten years ago were Star Wars, Diddy Kong Racing, Madden ’98, World Series Baseball ’98, and Tetris. (Rubenstein) These games were all rated lower than T for Teen because the games are not graphic. These are nothing like the games of today were you shoot something or someone and it shows everything that would happen in actual life. Statistics show on the ESRB website that 90 percent of children who play a violent video game are more likely to get into a fight then that of those who do not play the video games. Violence has always played a major role in entertainment in our society. However, in recent years there has been more, leading to higher violence crime rates. There is now solid evidence to suggest a relationship between exposure to violent television and movies and aggressive behavior. Researchers have found that children are more physically and verbally aggressive immediately after watching violent television shows than their less aggressive peers. A few studies have found that exposure to television and movie violence in childhood is related to increased aggression years later, but further research is needed in this area. (AACAP) In 1995, a small community in the Willamette Valley passed an ordinance which held parents responsible in just this way. The ordinance, No. 94-132 that was adopted in Silverton OR, charged parents with the misdemeanor of â€Å"failing to supervise a minor† when a child under the age of 18 years violates any provision of the Silverton Municipal Code. (Silverton, OR) Under provisions of the ordinance, if a juvenile commits a violation of law, his or her parent is served with a warning notice for failure to supervise a child. If the child commits a subsequent offense, the parents are issued a citation to Municipal Court for failure to supervise a child. The goal of the ordinance is to hold parents accountable for the actions of their minor children. Within a short time Mayor Ken Hector reported a significant reduction in juvenile crime and reduced levels of truancy. Furthermore school officials reported increased levels of involvement of parents with their children. (Silverton, OR) During the 1995 Oregon legislative session and after the enactment of the ordinance in Silverton, similar legislation was passed and made law. The Oregon law allows courts to order parents into education or counseling programs with the purpose being to improve parenting skills and the ability of parents to supervise the youth offender. (ORD 419C.573) An additional law â€Å"holds parents responsible for no minors being upon any street, highway, park, alley or other public place between the hours of 12 midnight and 4a.m.of the following morning.†(ORD 419C.682) At least 16 states have enacted similar parental responsibility laws. Caught somewhere between prevention and punishment for both children and parents, these laws attempt to involve parents in the lives of their children by holding them civilly and/or criminally liable for their childrens actions. Penalties for violation of these laws include increased participation by parents in juvenile proceedings; financial responsibility for restitution payments and court costs; financial responsibility for detention, treatment, and supervisory costs; participation in treatment, counseling, or other diversion programs; and criminal responsibility and possible jail time for parents found negligent in their supervision. (Yee) In some instances parental responsibility laws have been most effective with those parents that are humiliated by the process. What could be more embarrassing to an adult who is well known and respected in the community? In these instances appearing in Court and being held accountable for ineffective parenting and lacking supervision certainly could become incentive to pay more attention to a teen’s behavior. Nationally the support for parental responsibility laws remains controversial. Never the less, the potential these laws have in combating youth crime based on the increased parental involvement and attention given to their children has to be beneficial to society today. (Yee) Every town, village, and city has had to deal with adolescent substance abuse. The association between drug abuse and crime is staggering. Research shows that over half of all juveniles arrested test positive for cocaine. (Siegel, et. al) It is also shown that drug abusers are far more likely to become delinquents than non-abusers. The most frequently abused drugs for juveniles are marijuana, steroids, cocaine, designer drugs like ecstasy, and stimulants like crystal meth. The University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research conducts an annual Monitoring the Future survey. This is one of the most important and most influential surveys regarding juvenile substance abuse, and has roughly 45,000 students and 433 schools that participate. In 1996 and 1997 the amount of juveniles using illegal substances was at its highest ever. So why do juveniles use drugs? Researchers say poverty, social disorganization, genetic factors, and emotional problems are all to blame. There are several treatment strategies available to juvenile users. Scott Henggeler created the multisystematic therapy (MST) technique which involves focusing on problem solving and communication skills. In his long term evaluation he found that juvenile substance abusers who went through his program were significantly less likely to recidivate than others who received traditional treatment services. Other programs like wilderness programs and after-school community programs have also shown positive results. (Siegel, et. al) Statistics and gruesome tales portrayed by the media make it tough for the average citizen to make a quality decision concerning youthful offenders. On July 28, 1999, 12 year old Lionel Tate was imitating professional wrestlers when he beat to death 6 year old Tiffany Eunick. (Courtroom Television Network) In June of 2005, a 7 year old boy was charged in the beating death of his 7 month old sister because he was jealous of the attention the baby received. Reports show he kicked, punched and beat the child with a 24. (Dennis) That same week in New York, a 9 year old girl fatally stabbed an 11 year old friend to death with a steak knife after an argument over a ball. (Dennis) These tragedies are only a few of the hundreds of stories heard on the news and read in the papers everyday. How does children ages 7, 9, and 12 come to decide when it is justifiable to take another’s life? How do these children even know how to take the life of another human being? Is it the television? How about the new onslaught of explicitly graphic video games, which are marketed at today’s youth? Though these seem to be plausible causes for the problems generating today’s juvenile delinquent, I think the solution lay a little closer to the home front. Maybe one real cause of the problem is that we allow anyone to breed. In our country today you are required to get a license to have a dog. You have to get a marriage certificate. Another certification to drive a car and you have to insure the car. However there are no restrictions or requirements concerning procreation and child rearing. When a couple decides to adopt a child there are extensive background checks done, months of waiting and yards of red tape before they are able to bring home a child. Would it not be productive to have requirements of people who wish to take on the great task of raising a child? At least we could insist upon mandatory classes teaching proper child development techniques. An excellent example of a program making a huge difference is the WIC program. In order for clients to receive vouchers for help with food and baby formula, they must attend classes every three months. The classes teach nutritional values, smart shopping, and an array of useful skil ls in raising healthy children with good eating habits while on a budget. It is pretty well known that money motivates Americans. A class or series of classes directed at teaching parenting and early childhood development skills could be required of any parent that wishes to claim the EIC (earned income tax credit) on their taxes. A three hour class on how divorce affects children should be required when a couple divorcing has children together, in order to be granted the divorce. Parents have been made responsible before for their children’s actions, but wait†¦ What if the parents were mandated to attend a series of classes or seminars that could help teach them to more effectively handle the situation, preventing future offenses? How can we address each child’s individual needs better than to encourage their own parents involvement? The parents live with them, are overall responsible for them, and may think twice about having any more if they are held accountab le for the actions of their children. Values and integrity are learned at an early age and in the home. Once upon a time in America, these were a priority in the home. Somehow we lost that, and need to get it back. The only way we can start is by forcing education on the parents of these children. This has to be our foundation to building a system that can effectively prevent and treat our youth. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology (AACAP). (2002, November 13). Children and TV Violence. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/children_and_tv_violence City of Silverton, OR. (n.d.). Title 9 Criminal Code. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from codepublishing.com/OR/Silverton.html Connor, T. O. (2005, November 30). Juvenile Justice Overview. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOCONNOR/111/111lect14.htm Courtroom Television Network, LLC. (2000, November 7). Where It All Began: 14- Year- Old Gets Life. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from courttv.com/trials/wrestling/background.html Frontline. (2005). Juvenile Justice Child or Adult? A Century Long View. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/childadult.html Howell, J. C. (2003). Preventing Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: A Comprehensive Framework. Sage Publishers. Kwan, M. (2007, December 12). Futurelooks Holiday 2007 Guide to Hottest Video Games. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from futurelooks.com/futurelooks-holiday-2007-guide-to-the-hottest-video-games/ Richey, W. (2005, March 2). Juvenile Death Penalty Abolished. Retrieved November 18, 2007, from csmonitor.com/2005/0302/p01s01-usju.html Roberts, A. R. (2004, March). Juvenile Justice Sourcebook: Past, Present and Future. New Jersey: Oxford University Press. Roffe, S. (1999). Juvenile Detention in New York: Then and Now. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/djj/djj20yrs3.htm#1800 Rosenheim, M. K. (2002). F. E. Zimring, D. S. Tanenhaus, B. Dohrin, Eds.A Century of Juvenile Justice. University of Chicago Press. Rubenstein, G. (1997, December 13). The Seasons 10 Hottest Video Games. Hearst Communications, Inc. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from sfisonline.com/cgibin/article/article?f=/e/a/1997/12/13/STYLE11080.dtl Siegel, L. J., Welsh, B. C., Senna, J. J. (2006). E. Howard, Ed.Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice and Law (9th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Yee, A. (1999, January). Parental Responsibility in Juvenile Justice. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from ncsl.org/programs/press/schoolviolence/LEGIS73.htm Research Papers on Early Jail Conditions - Criminal Justice EssayThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingPETSTEL analysis of India

Competition is Better than Cooperation In the Relations Between Essay

Competition is Better than Cooperation In the Relations Between Criminal Justice Agencies - Essay Example Intervention in regard to criminal justice system refers to the process of preventing or reducing the incidence of crime, as well as acts that minimize the potential adverse consequences of convicted offenders in the society (Gough, 2010, p. 22). Similarly, supervision in the criminal justice system is defined as the process of overseeing the tasks and behaviours of the convicted offenders within the correction component of the criminal justice with the view of ensuring that the imposed sanctions yield the desired outcomes. Supervision in the criminal justice system has also been defined as the process of regulating and controlling behaviours of the convicted through restrictions or rules with the aim of ensuring that at the end they can become responsible persons who can easily re-integrate into the society without posing any serious public safety threats (Church, 1985, 456). Over the years, there has been raging debate on whether competition is better than cooperation in relations between criminal justice agencies. The persistent question has been which between competition and cooperation facilitates effective achievement of objectives of the criminal justice agencies, and ultimately those of the criminal justice system. This paper will seek to address this question by focusing on the intervention and supervision stages of the criminal justice process. It will show that indeed competition is better than cooperation in the relations between criminal justice agencies. Customarily, the criminal justice system has not been operating as a coordinated whole. Instead, criminal justice agencies have heavily been emphasizing on their core legislative independence and functions, as well as on their operational imperatives. This arrangement has been informed by a wide range of factors. The first factor is that the criminal justice agencies have differing goals, functions, purpose, and roles and as such no single agency handles the case throughout the entire system. Seco ndly, the system is defendant focused, case and incident-based, an arrangement that makes the agencies to operate separately in order not to deviate from this arrangement (Gough, 2010, p. 25). Thirdly, a range of procedural and legal constraints keep information that had been obtained before out of the court consideration. As such, information held by a particular criminal justice agency about an incident, victim, or defendant is progressively filtered as it moves through various agencies of the system. The other factor that has contributed to the criminal justice system not to work as a coordinated whole is the power dynamic within the criminal justice agencies hierarchy and their widely diverse professional culture (Gebo, et al, 2006, p. 425). The criminal justice system has been witnessing myriad of challenges especially in regard to law enforcement and corrections. In particular, the rise of the rate of crimes such as burglary cases and rape and overcrowding in the correctional facilities has been some of the main challenges facing the criminal just

What do you Think Zen Means by Enlightenment Essay

What do you Think Zen Means by Enlightenment - Essay Example This essay considers Suzuki’s perspective on Zen Enlightenment and argues that for Suzuki the notion of Enlightenment is a personal journey toward becoming one with the essential nature of the universe. In properly comprehending Suzuki’s perspective on Enlightenment it is necessary to consider the various modes of articulation he implements. One such perspective is Suzuki’s historical contextualization of Enlightenment. In these regards, Suzuki notes the seminal tale of the Buddha attaining Enlightenment under the Bodhi-tree. This historical consideration is significant as it relates to the very foundational assumptions of Enlightenment in Zen Buddhism as emerging from either traditional forms of Buddhism or as an entirely unique development. Early on it’s clear that Suzuki embraces a notion of Enlightenment as emerging from the foundational values established by the Buddha, yet believes that Zen Buddhism is greatly tempered by the Chinese soil. Suzuki rec ognizes that the very notion of Enlightenment and Buddhism has shifted historically. He states that, â€Å"In the beginning of Buddhism†¦was an exclusive possession of the elite† (Suzuki, p. 74). ... Suzuki states, â€Å"The reason why the Buddha so frequently refused to answer metaphysical problems was partly due to his conviction that the ultimate truth was to be realized in oneself through one’s own efforts† (Suzuki, p. 61). Indeed, there is a prevailing sense that Suzuki believes traditional forms of linguistic articulation are inefficient in comprehensively explicating the Enlightenment concept. Although such a notion seems to indicate that Enlightenment is simply a subjective state, it’s clear that Suzuki believes there are various signposts that add further structure to the concept. While traditional forms of Indian Buddhism embraced ascetic and stoic spiritual approaches, for Suzuki Zen Buddhist approaches to Enlightenment are more prominently linked to an ignorance of traditional means of knowing and an increased acceptance of the true universal essence of nature. While Suzuki firmly entrenches the notion of Enlightenment as a personal journey, he al so established a number of objective elements. Suzuki notes, â€Å"deliverance from Ignorance and passions was the work of Enlightenment† (Suzuki, p. 63). Such notions become thematic throughout the text as Suzuki later considers that one of the elements intrinsic in both sentient and non-sentient beings is an ability to transcend, â€Å"the dualism of matter and spirit, of ignorance and wisdom, of passion and non-attachment† (Suzuki, p. 64). Indeed, the notion that Enlightenment is intrinsic to humanity is further established, as Suzuki seems to embrace this Enlightenment as being firmly linked to the true essence of the universe. One considers 19th century notions Emerson and Thoreau’s Transcendentalism in gaining a